Episode 45: Dark Waters

1. “The Sinking of the Steamship Arctic,” Thought.Co, April 4 2017, https://www.thoughtco.com/the-sinking-of-the-steamship-arctic-1774002

2. “5 Maritime Disasters You Might Not Know About,” History, November 5 2013,  https://www.history.com/news/5-maritime-disasters-you-might-not-know-about

3. “The Harrowing Story Of The Whaleship ‘Essex’ That Inspired ‘Moby Dick,’” All That’s Interesting, November 2 2020, https://allthatsinteresting.com/essex-ship

4. “Jamestown Colony,” History, March 8 2010, https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/jamestown

5. Historic Jamestowne, https://historicjamestowne.org/history/history-of-jamestown/the-starving-time/

6. “Starving Settlers in Jamestown Colony Resorted to Cannibalism,” Smithsonian Magazine, April 30 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/starving-settlers-in-jamestown-colony-resorted-to-cannibalism-46000815/

7. “The True-Life Horror That Inspired Moby-Dick,” Smithsonian Magazine, March 1 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-true-life-horror-that-inspired-moby-dick-17576/

8. “How Nantucket Came to Be the Whaling Capital of the World,” Smithsonian Magazine, December 2015  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/nantucket-came-to-be-whaling-capital-of-world-180957198/

9. “This Real-Life Whaling Disaster Inspired ‘Moby Dick,’” National Geographic, November/December 2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/whaling-essex-sperm-whale-nantucket-moby-dick-melville

10. Thomas Nickerson et al., The Loss of the Ship Essex, Sunk by a Whale: First-Person Accounts, (Penguin Books, 2000). 

11. Nathaniel Philbrick, In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex, (Turtleback Books, 2015).

Episode 44: Swindled

1. “William Miller, the Original Schemer,”  Time, March 7 2012, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2104982_2104983_2104992,00.html

2. “W.F. MILLER IS PARDONED.; Governor Commutes Sentence of Franklin Syndicate's Head.,” New York Times, February 11 1905,  https://www.nytimes.com/1905/02/11/archives/wf-miller-is-pardoned-governor-commutes-sentence-of-franklin.html

3. A. Baldwin, Heroes and Villains of Finance: The 50 Most Colorful Characters in the History of Finance (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons 2015).

4. Donald Dunn, Ponzi: the Incredible True Story of the King of Financial Cons (New York: Broadway Books, 2004).

5. Mitchell Zuckoff, Ponzi’s Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend (New York: Random House, 2005)

6. “In Ponzi We Trust,” Smithsonian Magazine, December 1998, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/in-ponzi-we-trust-64016168/ 

7. “The History of the Ponzi Scheme Goes Deeper Than You Think,” Time, 12 August 2020, https://time.com/5877434/first-ponzi-scheme/ 

8. “The No. 1 Ladies Defrauding Agency,” Longreads, July 2019, https://longreads.com/2019/07/02/the-no-1-ladies-defrauding-agency/

Episode 43: Daredevils

1. “ WHY ISN'T NIAGARA FALLS KNOWN AS THE MOST ROMANTIC PLACE IN AMERICA ANYMORE?,” MTV News, September 24 2014 http://www.mtv.com/news/1923605/niagara-falls-honeymoon/

2. “HOW DID NIAGARA FALLS BECOME THE HONEYMOON CAPITAL,” Niagara Falls Tourism, July 3 2018,  https://www.niagarafallstourism.com/blog/niagara-falls-and-honeymooners/

3. “Niagara Falls honeymoon,” Road Stories, July 16 2010, https://roadstories.ca/niagara-falls-honeymooners/

4. “8 Facts About Theodosia Burr Alston,” Mental Floss, July 11 2016,  https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/81741/8-facts-about-theodosia-burr-alston

5. “The Heroic Rescue of the Pendleton Crew, 1952,” New England Historical Society, https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/heroic-rescue-pendleton-crew-1952/

6. “Rescuing the SS Pendleton: The Coast Guard’s Greatest Rescue,” Yesterday’s America,  https://yesterdaysamerica.com/ss-pendleton-the-coast-guards-greatest-rescue/

7. “The Daredevil of Niagara Falls,” Smithsonian Magazine, October 18 2011,  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-daredevil-of-niagara-falls-110492884/

8. “When Niagara Falls Ran Dry,” Smithsonian Magazine, June 2019  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/when-niagara-falls-ran-dry-180972198/

9. “More Daredevil Attempts in Niagara,”  Niagara Falls Info,  ​​https://www.niagarafallsinfo.com/niagara-falls-history/niagara-falls-tourism-history/daredevils-of-niagara-falls/more-daredevil-attempts-in-niagara/

10. “A Daredevil History of Niagara Falls,” History, October 23 2019  https://www.history.com/news/a-daredevil-history-of-niagara-falls

11. “Stephen Peer,”  Niagara Falls Info, https://www.niagarafallsinfo.com/niagara-falls-history/niagara-falls-tourism-history/daredevils-of-niagara-falls/stephen-peer/

12. “Stephen Peer,” Niagara Falls Museum, https://niagarafallsmuseums.ca/discover-our-history/history-notes/stephenpeer.aspx

13. “Maria Spelterini,” Niagara Falls Info, https://www.niagarafallsinfo.com/niagara-falls-history/niagara-falls-tourism-history/daredevils-of-niagara-falls/maria-spelterini/

14. “Overlooked No More: Annie Edson Taylor, Who Tumbled Down Niagara Falls Into Fame,” New  York Times, May 1 2019, ttps://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/obituaries/annie-edson-taylor-overlooked.html

15. “Annie Edson Taylor,” Niagara Falls Info, https://www.niagarafallsinfo.com/niagara-falls-history/niagara-falls-tourism-history/daredevils-of-niagara-falls/annie-edson-taylor/

16. “On this day in 1901, Annie Edson Taylor is first person to survive going over Niagara Falls in a barrel,” The Buffalo News, October 24 2016,  https://buffalonews.com/news/local/history/on-this-day-in-1901-annie-edson-taylor-is-first-person-to-survive-going-over/article_aef57160-23d8-518a-9396-275e5543faab.html

17. “How Daredevils Work,” How Stuff Works,  https://adventure.howstuffworks.com/daredevil.htm

18. “America’s First Daredevil,”HistoryNet, June 2007, https://www.historynet.com/americas-first-daredevil.htm

19. “The History of Women and Money in the United States in Honor of Women’s History Month,” One Advisory Partners, https://www.oneadvisorypartners.com/blog/the-history-of-women-and-money-in-the-united-states-in-honor-of-womens-history-month

Episode 42: The Primrose Path

1. “The Shockingly Violent History of American Moonshine,” Cool Material, https://coolmaterial.com/food-drink/the-violent-history-of-american-moonshine/

2. “The King of the Moonshiners,” Medium, October 27  2017, https://jeannetteaustin.medium.com/the-king-of-the-moonshiners-5e58a691cf92

3. “The Bootleg King and the Ambitious Prosecutor Who Took Him Down,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 1 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/bootleg-king-and-ambitious-prosecutor-who-took-him-down-180972783/

4. “Making bootlegger George Remus as big as Al Capone,” Cincinnati.com, August 22 2019, https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2019/08/22/making-bootlegger-george-remus-as-big-as-al-capone/2046966001/

5. “Millionaire Turned Murderer George Remus Was Inspiration for The Great Gatsby,” History Collection, October 9 2018, https://historycollection.com/millionaire-turned-murderer-george-remus-was-inspiration-for-the-great-gatsby/

6. “The Volstead Act,” United States House of Representatives, https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Volstead-Act/

7. Karen Abbott, The Ghosts of Eden Park: The Bootleg King, the Women Who Pursued Him, and the Murder that Shocked Jazz-Age America, (Crown, New York City, 2019) 367, 423, 2299, 3386.

8. William A. Cook, King of the Bootleggers: A Biography of George Remus, (McFarland, Jefferson, NC., 2008).

9. Colin Spoelman and David Haskell, Dead Distillers : A History of the Upstarts and Outlaws Who Made American Spirits (New York: Abrams, 2016).

10. “The Bourbon King, The Inside Story: George Remus, Fitzgerald, and The Great Gatsby,” Bob Batchelor, https://www.bobbatchelor.com/blog/2019/9/3/the-bourbon-king-the-inside-story-george-remus-fitzgerald-and-the-great-gatsby

11. Kristofer Allerfeldt, Crime and the Rise of Modern America: A History from 1865–1941, (Taylor & Francis, 2011).

12. Eric Burns, The Spirits of America: A Social History of Alcohol, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004).

13. “George Remus Bourbon and Remus Repeal Reserve,” Paste Magazine, July 2 2019, https://www.pastemagazine.com/drink/whiskey/george-remus-bourbon/   

14. Thomas M Coffey, The Long Thirst—Prohibition in America: 1920-1933, (W.W. Norton & Co., 1975)

15. Edward Behr, Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America (Arcade Publishing, 1996).

16. “Loved Wife, Killed Her,” Colorado Historic Newspapers, https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=THD19131018-01.2.7&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7ctxCO%7ctxTA--------0------

Episode 41: Expendable

1. “Read all about it: The story of the newsies' two-week strike against publishers Pulitzer, Hearst,” The Daily News, August 14, 2017           https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/story-newsies-strike-titans-pulitzer-hearst-article-1.2858550

2. “The True Story Of The 1899 Newsboy Strike That Saw Newsies Take On Publishing Tycoons — And Win,” All That’s Interesting, October 6 2021, https://allthatsinteresting.com/newsboy-strike-of-1899

3. “Nuclear disaster at Three Mile Island,” History, November 24 2009, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nuclear-accident-at-three-mile-island

4. “For Those Living Nearby, the Memory of the Three Mile Island Accident Has a Long Half-Life,” Smithsonian Magazine, April 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/robert-reid-mayor-of-nearby-middletown-remembers-three-mile-island-nuclear-accident-180971636/

5. “Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire,” History, December 2 2009, https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/triangle-shirtwaist-fire

6. “THE TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY FIRE,” OSHA, https://www.osha.gov/aboutosha/40-years/trianglefactoryfire

7. “Uncovering the History of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 2006, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/uncovering-the-history-of-the-triangle-shirtwaist-fire-124701842/

8. “How a tragedy transformed protections for American workers,” National Geographic, March 25 2020, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire-transformed-protections-american-workers

9. “Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (Brown Building),” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/places/triangle-shirtwaist-factory-brown-building.htm

10. David Von Drehle, Triangle: The Fire That Changed America, (Grove Press, 2003).

Episode 40: Mysterious

1. “One Man Exposed the Secrets of the Freemasons. His Disappearance Led to Their Downfall,” History, January 24 2019,  https://www.history.com/news/freemason-secrets-revealed

2. “The Case Of The Kensington Rune Stone,” American Heritage, April 1959, https://www.americanheritage.com/case-kensington-rune-stone

3. “Dare Stones: 1587-1937,” Strange History, https://www.strangehistory.org/cms/index.php/popular/80-dare-stones-1587-1938-feature#:~:text=%E2%80%9CAnanias%20Dare%20%26%20Virginia%20went%20hence,Shew%20John%20White%20Govr%20Via.%E2%80%9D&text=These%20words%20carved%20into%20a,Walter%20Raleigh's%20lost%20Roanoke%20Colony.

4. Andrew Lawler, The Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke, (Anchor Books, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2019).

5. “VDARE,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/vdare

6. Oberg, Michael Leroy. “Gods and Men: The Meeting of Indian and White Worlds on the Carolina Outer Banks, 1584-1586.” The North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 76, no. 4, North Carolina Office of Archives and History, (1999,) pp. 367–90.

7. Stahle, David W., et al. “The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts.” Science, vol. 280, no. 5363, American Association for the Advancement of Science, (1998,) pp. 564–67.

8. Senter, Jim. “‘Dreams as Old as Roanoke’: Franklin Roosevelt’s 1937 Lost Colony Speech.” The North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 84, no. 3, North Carolina Office of Archives and History, (2007,) pp. 276–99.

9. Pearce, Haywood J. “New Light on the Roanoke Colony: A Preliminary Examination of a Stone Found in Chowan County, North Carolina.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 4, no. 2, Southern Historical Association, (1938,) pp. 148–63.

10. DONEGAN, KATHLEEN. “What Happened in Roanoke: Ralph Lane’s Narrative Incursion.” Early American Literature, vol. 48, no. 2, University of North Carolina Press, (2013,) pp. 285–314.

11. La Vere, David. “The 1937 Chowan River ‘Dare Stone’: A Re-Evaluation.” The North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 86, no. 3, North Carolina Office of Archives and History, (2009,) pp. 251–81.

12. “Have We Found the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island?,” National Geographic, December 8 2013, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/131208-roanoke-lost-colony-discovery-history-raleigh

13. “Pottery Fragments May Hold Clues to Roanoke Colonists’ Fate,” Smithsonian Magazine, November 9 2020, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-evidence-roanoke-colonys-disappearance-180976248/

14. “The Dare Stones,” Brenau University, October 2015, https://www.brenau.edu/darestones/

Episode 39: Ladies’ Choice

1. “Pauline Cushman,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/people/paulinecushman.htm.

2. “The Actress Who Left the Stage to Become a Civil War Spy,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 12 2019, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/actress-who-left-stage-become-civil-war-spy-180972821/.

3. “The Enduring Enigma of the First Woman Executed by the U.S. Federal Government,” Time, June 30 2015,  https://time.com/3935911/mary-surratt/.

4. “Mary Surratt: Accomplice or mastermind? Role in Lincoln's assassination still sparks debate,” Chicago Tribune, August 5 2016,  https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-mary-surratt-lincoln-assassination-accomplice-flashback-perspec-0807-md-20160802-story.html.

5. “Mary Surratt is first woman executed by U.S. federal government,” History, July 6 2020, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mary-surratt-is-first-woman-executed-by-u-s-federal-government.

6. Chris Enss, The Pinks: The First Women Detectives, Operatives, and Spies with the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, (TwoDot, an Imprint of Globe Pequot, 2017). 

7. “Pinkerton Detective Agency – For 150 Years,” Legends of America, August 2021, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/pinkertons/.

8. “Celebrating Women’s History: America’s First Female P.I.,” Library of Congress, March 31  2015, https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2015/03/celebrating-womens-history-americas-first-female-p-i/.

9. “Kate Warne: First Female Pinkerton Detective Thwarted Lincoln Assassination Attempt,” How Stuff Works, June 18 2020, https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/kate-warne.htm.

10. “The Story of Kate Warne, America's First Female Private Detective,” Mental Floss, November 27 2019, https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/606901/kate-warne-first-female-detective.

11. “The Untold Story Of Kate Warne, The World’s First Female Private Eye,” All That’s Interesting, April 14 2017, https://allthatsinteresting.com/kate-warne.

12. “The Unsuccessful Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln,” Smithsonian Magazine, February 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-unsuccessful-plot-to-kill-abraham-lincoln-2013956/

Episode 38: The Wild, Wild West

1. “The fiercest federal lawman you never knew — and he was African American,” Washington Post, December 14 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/12/14/fiercest-federal-lawman-you-never-knew-he-was-african-american/.

2. “Was the Real Lone Ranger a Black Man?,” History, August 31 2018, https://www.history.com/news/bass-reeves-real-lone-ranger-a-black-man.

3. “Bass Reeves – Black Hero Marshal,” Legends of America, April 2020, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-bassreeves/.

4. “ Bob Dozier- Killed at the Hands of Bass Reeves,”  Legends of America, December 2020, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/bob-dozier-oklahoma-outlaw/.

5. “Pearl Hart- Lady Bandit of Arizona,”  Legends of America, November 2019, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-pearlhart/.

6. “Bandit Peart Hart holds up an Arizona stagecoach,” History, May 26 2021, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pearl-hart-holds-up-an-arizona-stagecoach.

7. “THE SIDESHOW CORPSE HIDDEN IN A FUN HOUSE,” Ripley’s, March 24 2020, https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/elmer-mccurdy/.

8. “Elmer McCurdy: Traveling Corpse,” Library of Congress, July 24 2018,  https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2018/07/elmer-mccurdy-traveling-corpse/.

9. “This Mainer went from a train robber to mummified corpse at a carnival sideshow,” Bangor Daily News, January 24 2021, https://bangordailynews.com/2021/01/24/news/bangor/how-this-mainer-went-from-train-robber-to-mummified-corpse-at-a-carnival-sideshow/.

10. “The Long, Strange, 60-Year Trip of Elmer McCurdy,” NPR, January 9 2015,  https://www.npr.org/2015/01/09/376097471/the-long-strange-60-year-trip-of-elmer-mccurdy.

11. “Elmer McCurdy, From Maine Plumber to Dumbest Outlaw to Traveling Corpse,” New England Historical Society, 2021   https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/strange-life-stranger-afterlife-elmer-mccurdy/.

12. “Jesse James – Folklore Hero or Cold-Blooded Killer?,” Legends of America, September 2019, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-jessejames/.

13. “The James Gang of Missouri,” Legends of America, June 2021, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/james-gang/.

14.  “The James-Younger Gang – Terror in the Heartland,” Legends of America, February 2020 https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-jamesyoungergang/.

15. “Minnesotans attack the James-Younger criminal gang,” History, September 2 2021,  https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/minnesotans-nearly-wipeout-the-james-younger-gang.

16. “Belle Starr murdered in Oklahoma,” History, February 2 2021,  https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/belle-starr-murdered-in-oklahoma.

17. “Belle Starr – The Bandit Queen,” Legends of America, December 2019, https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-bellestarr/

18. “Belle Starr,” Biography, April 2 2014, https://www.biography.com/personality/belle-starr.

19. “Billy The Kid – Teenage Outlaw of the Southwest,” Legends of America, November 2019,https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-billykid/.

20. “9 Things You May Not Know About Billy the Kid,” History, April 8 2020, https://www.history.com/news/9-things-you-may-not-know-about-billy-the-kid.

Episode 37: Toxic

1. “Answers to Questions About New York City Parks,” New York Times, September 5 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/nyregion/answers-to-questions-about-new-york-city-parks.html.

2. “A Bronx serial killer escapes from prison in 1916,” Ephemeral New York, June 22 2015, https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/serial-killer-frederick-mors/.

3. Deborah Blum, The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, (Penguin Press, 2014), 27, 39, 148.

4. Mark Gado, Death Row Women: Murder, Justice, and the New York Press, (Praeger, 2007).

5. “Mary Frances Avery Creighton,” Find a Grave, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/12244271/mary-frances-creighton.

6. “MRS. CREIGHTON DIES FOR POISON MURDER; Appelgate Follows Her to the Death Chamber for the Slaying of His Wife.,” New York Times, July 17 1936, https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/17/archives/mrs-creighton-dies-for-poison-murder-appelgate-follows-her-to-the.html.

7. “Frances Creighton & Everett Appelgate,” Crime Library, May 29 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20120719234427/http:/www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/creighton_applegate/14.html.

8. “Creighton’s Life Fight Today,” New York Daily News, June 18, 1923, p. 1

9. “Death For Creightons Asked,” New York Daily News, June 19, 1923, p. 1 

10. “Mrs. Creighton Faces Jury Calmly,” New York Evening Post, June 19, 1923, p.1 

11. “Boy of 18 Murdered with Slow Poison,” New York Times, May 13, 1923, p. 1 

12. “To Exhume Bodies of the Creightons,” New York Times, May 14, 1923, p. 3 

13. “Creighton Defense to Rely on Experts,” New York Times, July 13, 1923, p. 8

14. “Jury Again Acquits Mrs. Creighton of Murder Charge,” New York Times, July 14, 1923, p. 1.

Episode 36: Warning Signs

1. “Today in Earthquake History: San Fernando 1971,” UC Berkeley, February 9 2017, https://seismo.berkeley.edu/blog/2017/02/09/today-in-earthquake-history-san-fernando-1971.html.

2. “The Disaster that Helped the Nation Prepare for Future Earthquakes: Remembering San Fernando,” United States Geological Society, February 4 2021, https://www.usgs.gov/news/50th-anniversary-san-fernando.

3. “Sylmar-San Fernando Earthquake: 45 years ago Tuesday, 64 killed,” Los Angeles Daily News, February 8 2016, https://www.dailynews.com/2016/02/08/sylmar-san-fernando-earthquake-45-years-ago-tuesday-64-killed/.

4. “1946 Aleutians Tsunami,” Western States Seismic Policy Council, https://www.wsspc.org/resources-reports/tsunami-center/significant-tsunami-events/1946-aleutians-tsunami/.

5. “1 April 1946, Mw 8.6, Aleutian Islands, USA,” International Tsunami Information Center, http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1320&Itemid=1320.

6. “Alaskan earthquake triggers massive tsunami,” History, April 13 2009, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/alaskan-earthquake-triggers-massive-tsunami.

7. “Fire Makes Wind: Wind Makes Fire,” American Heritage, August 1956, https://www.americanheritage.com/fire-makes-wind-wind-makes-fire.

8. Peter M. Leschak, “Ghosts of the Fireground: Echoes of the Great Peshtigo Fire and the Calling of a Wildland,” (FIREFIGHTER. OPEN ROAD MEDIA, 2018).

9. “Massive fire burns in Wisconsin,” History, October 7 2019, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/massive-fire-burns-in-wisconsin.

10. “Why America's Deadliest Wildfire Was Largely Forgotten,” History, July 29 2021, https://www.history.com/news/peshtigo-fire-america-deadliest-wildfire.

11. “The deadliest — and most overlooked — fire in U.S. history,” The Salt Lake Tribune, December 7 2017, https://www.sltrib.com/pb/news/nation-world/2017/12/08/the-deadliest-and-most-overlooked-fire-in-us-history.

12. “Saved by the river,” Minnesota Public Radio, November 27 2002, http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200211/27_hemphills_pernin/.

13. “Remembering The Great Peshtigo Fire of 1871,” Fire Engineering, October 8 2007, https://www.fireengineering.com/fire-prevention-protection/remembering-the-great-peshtigo-fire-of-1871/.

14. “Peshtigo Fire Museum,” Peshtigo Fire Museum, https://www.peshtigofiremuseum.com/.

15. Fr Peter Pernin, “Pernin: The Great Peshtigo Fire,” Wisconsin Magazine of History: Volume 54, number 4, summer, (1971), 246-272.

Episode 35: Super Heroes

1. “The Woman Who Beat The Klan,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/01/magazine/the-woman-who-beat-the-klan.html, November 1 1987

2. Todd Tucker, Notre Dame vs. The Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the KKK, (University of Notre Dame Press, 2018), xvii, 162, 172, 175.

3. ““Murder Wasn’t Very Pretty”: The Rise and Fall of D.C. Stephenson,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 30 2012, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murder-wasnt-very-pretty-the-rise-and-fall-of-dc-stephenson-18935042/.

4. “How Superman defeated the KKK,” Little White Lies, January 15 2017, https://lwlies.com/articles/how-superman-defeated-the-kkk/.

5. “How Superman Defeated the Ku Klux Klan,” Mental Floss, October 31 2009, https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/23157/how-superman-defeated-ku-klux-klan.

6. “A Clash Over Catholicism,” University of Notre Dame, August 2018, https://www.nd.edu/stories/a-clash-over-catholicism/.

7. “The Day Notre Dame Students Pummeled the Ku Klux Klan,” Mental Floss, August 19 2017, https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/503749/day-notre-dame-students-pummeled-ku-klux-klan.

8. “The History of Hate in Indiana: How the Ku Klux Klan took over Indiana's halls of power,” WRTV, December 8 2016, https://www.wrtv.com/longform/the-ku-klux-klan-ran-indiana-once-could-it-happen-again.

9. “Ku Klux Klan,” History.com, April 20 2021, https://www.history.com/topics/reconstruction/ku-klux-klan.

10. “Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism,” The Southern Poverty Law Center, March 1 2011, https://www.splcenter.org/20110228/ku-klux-klan-history-racism.

11. Trollinger, William Vance, "Hearing the Silence: The University of Dayton, the Ku Klux Klan, and Catholic Universities and Colleges in the 1920s" History Faculty Publications, (2013). 

12. Prescott, Stephen R. “White Robes and Crosses: Father John Conoley, the Ku Klux Klan, and the University of Florida.” The Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 71, no. 1, 1992, pp. 18–40. 

13. “Gangsters vs. Nazis,” Tablet Magazine, July 2 2018, https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/gangsters-vs-nazis.

14. “How Jewish Gangsters Fought the Nazis,” My Jewish Learning, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/but-they-were-good-to-their-people/.

Episode 34: Change

1. “A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Radioactive Oatmeal Go Down,” Smithsonian Magazine, March 8 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/spoonful-sugar-helps-radioactive-oatmeal-go-down-180962424/

2. “The Forgotten Story Of Rosemary Kennedy, Who Was Lobotomized So That JFK Could Succeed,” All That’s Interesting, November 2 2017, https://allthatsinteresting.com/rosemary-kennedy-lobotomy

3. “Unseen Letters from JFK's Sister Rosemary, Who Underwent a Lobotomy, Reveal Depth of Her 'Loss',” People, September 13 2018, https://people.com/politics/letters-jfk-sister-rosemary-kennedy-lobotomy/

4. “The Dark Secret of the MIT Science Club for Children,” Priceonomics, April 19 2016, https://priceonomics.com/the-mit-science-club-for-disabled-children/

5. Samuel Gridley Howe, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/people/samuel-gridley-howe.htm

6. Michael D'antonio, The State Boys Rebellion, (SIMON & SCHUSTER PAPERBACKS, 2005), 2120.

7. “The Librarian Who Uncovered a National Disgrace,” Medium, May 8 2019, https://khallows.medium.com/the-librarian-who-uncovered-a-national-disgrace-83b825813379

8. “The traumatic birth of Rosemary Kennedy amidst pandemic,” Irish Central, July 4 2021, https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/birth-of-rosemary-kennedy-pandemic

9. “Rosemary Kennedy: The Tragic Story of Why JFK's Sister Disappeared from Public View,” KQED, August 15 2016, https://www.kqed.org/pop/22432/rosemary-kennedy-the-tragic-story-of-why-jfks-sister-disappeared-from-public-view

10. “THE FERNALD STATE SCHOOL AND LOSS OF CHILDHOOD

11. LIVES RUINED THROUGH MISGUIDED PUBLIC POLICY,” Neurology Today, December 2004, https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2004/12000/The_Fernald_State_School_and_Loss_of_Childhood_.17.aspx

12. “Family and Mental Illness in Early 20th-Century Massachusetts,” Massachusetts Historical Society, November 13 2015, https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2015/11/family-and-mental-illness-in-early-20th-century-massachusetts/

13. “Dorothea Dix,” National Women’s History Museum, 2017, https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothea-dix 

14. “John F. Kennedy And People With Intellectual Disabilities,” John F. Kennedy Library, https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/john-f-kennedy-and-people-with-intellectual-disabilities

15. “Claudette Colvin: the woman who refused to give up her bus seat – nine months before Rosa Parks,” The Guardian, February 25 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/feb/25/claudette-colvin-the-woman-who-refused-to-give-up-her-bus-seat-nine-months-before-rosa-parks

Episode 33: Covert

1. “Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber,” The Atlantic, June 2000, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/06/harvard-and-the-making-of-the-unabomber/378239/

2. “How McKinley’s Assassination Spurred Secret Service Presidential Protection,” History, November 28 2018, https://www.history.com/news/mckinley-assassination-created-the-secret-service

3. “U.S. Secret Service,” Encyclopedia Britannica, June 8 2021, https://www.britannica.com/topic/US-Secret-Service

4. “The Assassination of President William McKinley,” History, September 3 2018, https://www.history.com/news/the-assassination-of-president-william-mckinley

5. “OSS: The Predecessor of the CIA,” History, October 28 2016,https://www.history.com/news/oss-the-predecessor-of-the-cia 

6. “Top 10 Weird Government Secrets,” Time, August 6 2010, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2008962_2008964_2008953,00.html

7. “The True Story of Brainwashing and How It Shaped America,” Smithsonian Magazine, May 22 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-brainwashing-and-how-it-shaped-america-180963400/

8. “Project MKULTRA, The CIA’s Program of Research In Behavioral Modification,” New York Times, August 3 1977, https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf

9. “Flying saucers to mind control: 22 declassified military & CIA secrets,” Live Science, January 4 2017, https://www.livescience.com/40172-declassified-military-cia-secrets/3.html

10. “From mind control to murder? How a deadly fall revealed the CIA’s darkest secrets,” The Guardian, September 6 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/06/from-mind-control-to-murder-how-a-deadly-fall-revealed-the-cias-darkest-secrets

11. “Suit Planned Over Death of Man C.I.A. Drugged,” New York Times, November 26 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/27/us/family-of-frank-olson-man-drugged-by-cia-plans-suit.html

12. “THE SAD TALE OF FRANK OLSON, THE U.S. GOVERNMENT'S HALLUCINOGEN FALL MAN,” Pacific Standard, May 14 2019, https://psmag.com/news/the-sad-tale-of-frank-olson-the-u-s-governments-hallucinogen-fall-man

13. “CIA,” History, August 21 2018, https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-the-cia

14. “MK-Ultra,” History, August 21 2018, https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-mk-ultra

15. “Appendix 7: A Brief History of Presidential Protection,” Archives.gov https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/appendix7.html

Episode 32: Murder, Inc.

1. “IRVING "GANGI" COHEN: THE MAN WHO ESCAPED MURDER, INC. AND HID OUT IN THE MOVIES,” Crime Reads, January 6 2021, https://crimereads.com/irving-gangi-cohen-the-man-who-escaped-murder-inc-and-hid-out-in-the-movies/

2. “Murder, Inc.,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Murder-Inc-American-crime-syndicate

3. “The First Gang – The Forty Thieves,” The Irish Mob, February 8 2019, https://theirishmob.com/the-first-gang-the-forty-thieves/

4. “7 Violent Gangs That Terrorized the Streets in the 19th Century,” History of Yesterday, September 15 2020, https://historyofyesterday.com/7-violent-gangs-that-terrorized-the-streets-in-the-19th-century-dd41b262fb4a

5. “Louis “Lepke” Buchalter,” My Jewish Learning, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/lepke-buchalter/

6. “The Old Headquarters of Murder, Inc.,” Atlas Obscura, https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-old-headquarters-of-murder-inc-brooklyn-new-york

7. “The List of Murder Inc Hitmen,” Mafia Hitters, https://mafiahitters.com/who-were-the-murder-inc-shooters/

8. “Louis “Lepke” Buchalter, the head of Murder, Inc., is executed,” History, June 27 2021, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-head-of-murder-inc-is-executed

9. “10 Deadliest Members Of Murder Incorporated” National Crime Syndicate, https://www.nationalcrimesyndicate.com/10-deadliest-members-of-murder-incorporated/

10. “The Ice Pick Seems Antiquated, but It Still Shows Up on the Police Blotter,” New York Times, August 31 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/01/nyregion/ice-picks-are-still-used-as-weapons.html

11. Marc Mappen, Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013), 38 & 706.

12. Paul R. Kavieff, The Life and Times of Lepke Buchalter: America’s Most Ruthless Labor Racketeer (Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books, 2006), 820-21 & 947.

Episode 31: Echoes

1. “Iceberg that sank the Titanic was more than 100,000 years old, only a fraction of its original massive size, scientists discover,” Daily News, March 6 2016, https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/iceberg-sank-titanic-100-000-years-old-article-1.2554742

2. “Why the Titanic Still Fascinates Us,” Smithsonian Magazine, March 2012, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-the-titanic-still-fascinates-us-98137822/

3. “Titanic,” HISTORY, April 9 2021, https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/titanic

4. “Then Again: The deadly 1877 crash of the Montreal Express,” VTDigger, February 4 2018, https://vtdigger.org/2018/02/04/deadly-1877-crash-montreal-express/

5. “The Eastland Disaster Killed More Passengers Than the Titanic and the Lusitania. Why Has It Been Forgotten?,” Smithsonian Magazine, October 27 2014, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/eastland-disaster-killed-more-passengers-titanic-and-lusitania-why-has-it-been-forgotten-180953146/

6. “THE EASTLAND DISASTER,” Eastland Disaster Historical Society, http://www.eastlanddisaster.org/history/eastland-disaster

7. “The Eastland Disaster,” WTWW, https://interactive.wttw.com/a/chicago-stories-eastland-disaster

8. George W. Hilton, Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995).

9. “Into the Breach,” Lampham’s Quarterly, https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/disaster/breach

10. “A Marked Paper,” The Vancouver Sun, August 28 1915, p. 3

11. “Hundreds drown in Eastland disaster,” HISTORY, July 22, 2020, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hundreds-drown-in-eastland-disaster

12. “Six Titanic Survivor Stories,” Biography, https://www.biography.com/news/titanics-100th-anniversary-6-survivor-stories-20799733

Episode 30: Lost

1. “Rose O'Neal Greenhow,” American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/rose-oneal-greenhow.

2. “Confederate spy Rose O’Neal Greenhow dies,” HISTORY, September 29 2020, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rose-greenhow-dies.

3. “Seized Correspondence of Rose O'Neal Greenhow,” National Archives, July 22 2019, https://www.archives.gov/research/military/civil-war/greenhow.

4. “Spying in the Civil War,” HISTORY, February 8 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/civil-war-spies.

5. Ron Soodalter, “The Day New York Tried to Secede,” HistoryNet, 26 October 2011, https://www.historynet.com/the-day-new-york-tried-to-secede.htm.

6. “When New York Wanted To Secede,” New York Historical Society, January 9 2014, https://behindthescenes.nyhistory.org/when-new-york-wanted-to-secede/.

7. “10 Surprising Civil War Facts,” HISTORY, February 8 2019, https://www.history.com/news/10-surprising-civil-war-facts.

8. “‘The Roar and Rattle’: McClellan’s Missed Opportunities at Antietam,” History.net, Summer 2010, https://www.historynet.com/the-roar-and-rattle-mcclellans-missed-opportunities-at-antietam.htm.

9. Dew, Charles B. “How Samuel E. Pittman Validated Lee's ‘Lost Orders’ Prior to Antietam: A Historical Note,” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 70, no. 4, (2004), pp. 865–870. 

10. “Lee’s Lost Order,” New York Times, September 12 2012, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/lees-lost-order/.

11. “Antietam,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/index.htm.

12. “Antietam,” American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/antietam.

13. “Battle of Antietam,” HISTORY, December 11 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-antietam.

14. “General Robert E. Lee's "Lost Order" No. 191,” American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/general-robert-e-lees-lost-order-no-191.

15. “Union troops discover Rebels’ Antietam battle plan,” HISTORY, September 11 2020, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/union-troops-discover-rebels-antietam-battle-plan.

16. “Antietam, the 'lost dispatch,' and the bloodiest day in US history,” MPR News, September 17 2012, https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/09/17/antietam-the-lost-dispatch-and-the-bloodiest-day-in-us-history.

17. “Special Orders No. 191,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/mono/learn/historyculture/so191.htm.

18. “The Maryland Campaign of 1862,” American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/maryland-campaign-1862.

19. “Civil War,” HISTORY, January 13 2021, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history.

20. “Robert E. Lee,” American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/robert-e-lee.

21. “First Battle of Bull Run,” HISTORY, December 11 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/first-battle-of-bull-run.

22. “Second Battle of Bull Run,” HISTORY, December 11 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/second-battle-of-bull-run.

23. “How Arlington National Cemetery Came to Be,” Smithsonian Magazine, November 2009, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-arlington-national-cemetery-came-to-be-145147007/.

24. “Civil War Casualties,” American Battlefield Trust, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/civil-war-casualties.

25. “Facts - The Civil War,” The National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/facts.htm.

26. “America’s Wars,” Veteran’s Affairs, https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf.

Episode 29: Notorious

1. “The Cardiff Giant Fools the Nation, 145 Years Ago,” HISTORY, August 22 2018, https://www.history.com/news/the-cardiff-giant-fools-the-nation-145-years-ago.

2. “For You Half Price,” New York Times, November 27 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/27/nyregion/thecity/for-you-half-price.html.

3. “The ‘strange’ death of Warren G. Harding,” PBS, August 2 2015, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/strange-death-warren-harding.

4. “Meet Gaston Means, The Swindler Who Loved Ripping Off Bootleggers During Prohibition,” All That’s Interesting, May 26 2020, https://allthatsinteresting.com/gaston-means.

5. “Means, Gaston Bullock,” NCPedia, 1991, https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/means-gaston-bullock.

6. “GASTON MEANS DIES IN FEDERAL PRISON,” New York Times, December 13 1938, https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/13/archives/gaston-means-dies-in-federal-prison-was-serving-15yearterm-for.html.

7. “Ohio Gang,” Ohio History Connection, https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Gang.

8. “They call him The Greatest Faker of all Time,” The Daily News, August 21 1937, p. 11.

9. Lawrence Block, Gangsters, Swindlers, Killers, and Thieves: the Lives and Crimes of Fifty American Villains, (Oxford University Press, 2004). 

10. “The Art of the Con and Why People Fall For It,” Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/crime-she-writes/201909/the-art-the-con-and-why-people-fall-it.

Episode 28: Dark Skies

1. “D.B. Cooper Hijacking,” FBI, July 12 2016, https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/db-cooper-hijacking.

2. “The bears who became test pilots during the Cold War,” Gizmodo, December 19 2012, https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-bears-who-became-test-pilots-during-the-cold-war-5969276.

3. “A bear named “Yogi” was ejected from a USAF B-58 to test the Hustler’s escape capsule on this day in 1962,” The Aviationist, March 21 2016, https://theaviationist.com/2016/03/21/b-58-ejects-yogi-bear/.

4. “Air Force Uses Bears as Test Pilots,” Military.com, April 7 2016, https://www.military.com/video/forces/air-force/air-force-uses-bear-as-test-pilot/4836234626001.

5. “The US Airforce Used To Use Live Bears To Test Ejector Seats On Aircraft,” IFLS, https://www.iflscience.com/technology/the-us-airforce-used-to-use-live-bears-to-test-ejector-seats-on-aircraft/.

6. “Hoboes, bootleggers, and hijackers,” Grammarphobia, September 10 2009, https://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2009/09/hoboes-bootleggers-and-hijackers.html.

7. “TWA85: 'The world's longest and most spectacular hijacking,’” BBC, October 26 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48069272.

8. “Take me to Cuba! The skyjacking craze of the 1960s,” Aerotime, October 31 2016, https://www.aerotime.aero/15042-take-me-to-cuba-the-skyjacking-craze-of-the-1960s.

9. “Why Airline Hijackings Became Relatively Rare,” New York Times, March 29 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/middleeast/airline-hijacking-history.html.

10. “How the era of ‘skyjackings’ changed the way we fly,” CNN, October 2 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/us/us-airline-hijackings-1970s-declassified/index.html.

11. “The US once had more than 130 hijackings in 4 years. Here’s why they finally stopped,” VOX, March 29 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/3/29/11326472/hijacking-airplanes-egyptair.

12. “How Hijackers Commandeered Over 130 American Planes — In 5 Years,” Wired, June 18 2013, https://www.wired.com/2013/06/love-and-terror-in-the-golden-age-of-hijacking/.

13. “'Oh no, not again': Remembering the epidemic of plane hijackings from SFO to Cuba,” SFGate, January 19 2020, https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/sfo-hijacking-havana-cuba-san-francisco-14981405.php.

14. “PLANE CARRYING 207 IS HIJACKED TO CUBA,” New York Times, June 12, 1979, p. 1

15. “JET HIJACKED TO CUBA; 2 HELD, 6 STAY AND IT RETURNS,” New York Times, July 11, 1981, p. 6

16. “Aviation Safety Network Statistics,” Aviation Safety Network, https://aviation-safety.net/statistics/period/stats.php.

17. “The Time A Real Plane Hijacking Was Mistaken For A ‘Candid Camera’ Stunt,” Uproxx, https://uproxx.com/tv/the-time-a-real-plane-hijacking-was-mistaken-for-a-candid-camera-stunt/.

Episode 27: Deceptive

1. “How  Was a Man Shot  to Death Inside a Locked Shop…With No Gun?,” the New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/paidpost/facebookwatch/limetown-fink.html.

2. Deborah Blum, The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. (Tantor Media, Inc., 2010), 336 & 347.

3. “Great Depression History,” HISTORY, February 28 2020, https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/great-depression-history.

4. “5 IN FAMILY KILLED BY A RARE POISON,” New York Times, May 11 1935, p.1.

5. “Poison in Common Products,” PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/poisoners-handbook-poison-common-productsother-photo-galleries/.

6. Jones, Marian Moser, and Isidore Daniel Benrubi. “Poison politics: a contentious history of consumer protection against dangerous household chemicals in the United States.” American journal of public health vol. 103,5 (2013): 801-12. 

7. “Deadly chemicals in everyday items throughout history,” Frazer Consultants, July 13 2016, https://frazerconsultants.com/2016/07/deadly-chemicals-in-everyday-items-throughout-history/.

8. “Poison & Cocoa,” Daily News, June 17 2012, https://www.pressreader.com/usa/new-york-daily-news/20120617/282097748781614.

9. “Police Sift Woman Angle,” The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 12 1935, p.3.

10. “Thallium Statistics and Information,” National Minerals Information Center, https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/thallium-statistics-and-information.

11. Jean M. Linsdale, Facts Concerning the Use of Thallium in California to Poison Rodents—Its Destructiveness to Game Birds, Song Birds and Other Valuable Wild Life (with one illustration), The Condor, Volume 33, Issue 3, 1 May 1931, Pages 92–106.

12. “THALLIUM IS FOUND IN GROSS COCOA CAN,” New York Times, May 14 1935, p.1.

Episode 26: Bittersweet

1. “The Washburn Mill  Explosion,” All That’s Interesting, https://allthatsinteresting.com/washburn-mill-explosion.

2. “Washburn A Mill Explosion, 1878,” MNopedia, November 14, 2013, https://www.mnopedia.org/event/washburn-mill-explosion-1878.

3. “Looking back at the 1878 Washburn A Mill explosion,” MinnPost, June 6, 2013, https://www.minnpost.com/minnesota-history/2013/06/looking-back-1878-washburn-mill-explosion/.

4. "Secret" Treasure Unearthed in Boston,” Spectrum News, October 30, 2019, https://www.baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2019/10/30/-secret--treasure-unearthed-in-boston.

5. “Found Treasure: The Boston Casque of The Secret Armchair Treasure Hunt,” Mysterious Writings, https://mysteriouswritings.com/found-treasure-the-boston-casque-of-the-secret-armchair-treasure-hunt/.

6. “Someone Found Actual Buried Treasure (!!) in the North End,” Boston Magazine, October 25 2019, https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2019/10/25/buried-treasure-north-end/.

7. “POST WWI AMERICA: A SOCIETY IN TURMOIL,” Humblesid, https://www.humbleisd.net/cms/lib2/TX01001414/Centricity/ModuleInstance/36535/POST%20WWI%20AMERICA%20NEW%20ERA%20READING.pdf.

8. “10 Ways World War I Changed America,” Farmers’ Almanac, January 28 2021, https://www.farmersalmanac.com/10-ways-world-war-i-changed-america-22983.

9. “THE GREAT BOSTON MOLASSES FLOOD, PROHIBITION AND ANARCHISTS,” forgotten New England, https://forgottennewengland.com/2020/12/16/the-great-boston-molasses-flood-prohibition-and-anarchists/#:~:text=On%20the%20day%20that%20Boston's,in%20the%20city's%20North%20End.&text=Pedestrians%20tracked%20the%20molasses%20everywhere%20they%20went.

10. “The Great Molasses Flood of 1919,” History, January 13 2017, https://www.history.com/news/the-great-molasses-flood-of-1919.

11. “What people saw and felt in the first moments of Boston’s deadly Great Molasses Flood,” Boston, January 13 2019, https://www.boston.com/news/history/2019/01/13/first-hand-accounts-great-boston-molasses-flood.

12. “Without Warning, Molasses Surged Over Boston 100 Years Ago,” Smithsonian Magazine, November 1983, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/without-warning-molasses-january-surged-over-boston-180971251/.

13. Stephen Puleo, Dark Tide: the Great Boston Molasses Flood of 1919. (Beacon Press, 2019), 1500, 1556, 1750, 1791, 2200.